Introduction
In the field of criminology, various theories have been developed to explain the causes of crime and delinquency. One such theory is General Strain Theory (GST), which posits that crime and delinquency are a result of negative emotions experienced by individuals in response to strains or stressors in their lives. Developed by Robert Agnew in 1992, GST has gained significant attention and has been widely studied by researchers in the field.
Understanding General Strain Theory
General Strain Theory focuses on the role of strain in the development of criminal behavior. According to GST, strains are negative events or circumstances that individuals experience, which can lead to negative emotions such as fear, disappointment, depression, anger, and frustration. These negative emotions, in turn, create a need for individuals to cope with their strain.
The Strains in General Strain Theory
Strains can take on various forms and can be classified into three main categories: the failure to achieve desired goals, the removal of positive stimuli, and the presentation of negative stimuli. When individuals are unable to achieve their goals, they may experience strain due to the gap between their aspirations and their actual achievements. This can lead to feelings of frustration and disappointment.
Similarly, the removal of positive stimuli, such as the loss of a job or the end of a relationship, can also create strain. The absence of these positive elements in one’s life can lead to feelings of sadness and anger.
Lastly, the presentation of negative stimuli, such as experiencing physical or emotional abuse, can also generate strain. These adverse events can cause fear, anger, and a desire for revenge.
Coping Mechanisms and Crime
According to General Strain Theory, individuals who experience strain are more likely to engage in criminal behavior as a coping mechanism. Criminal behavior is seen as a way to alleviate the negative emotions associated with strain. By engaging in criminal acts, individuals may experience a temporary release from their negative emotions or gain some form of satisfaction.
It is important to note that not all individuals who experience strain will resort to criminal behavior. General Strain Theory acknowledges that individuals have different coping mechanisms and choices when faced with strain. Some individuals may choose legal and non-violent means to cope with their strain, such as seeking social support or engaging in productive activities. However, for those who lack access to legal coping mechanisms or who have limited resources, crime may become an attractive option.
Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Strain and Crime
General Strain Theory recognizes that the relationship between strain and crime is complex and influenced by various factors. These factors include individual characteristics, social support, and the presence of external controls.
Individual Characteristics: Individual characteristics, such as age, gender, and personality traits, can influence an individual’s response to strain. For instance, individuals with low self-control may be more prone to engage in criminal behavior as a way to cope with strain.
Social Support: The availability of social support networks can also affect an individual’s response to strain. Strong social ties and supportive relationships can provide individuals with alternative coping strategies and reduce the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.
External Controls: The presence of external controls, such as effective law enforcement and the existence of formal and informal social controls, can also deter individuals from resorting to crime as a coping mechanism. These controls create a sense of consequences and accountability, making the costs of engaging in criminal behavior higher.
Implications and Criticisms of General Strain Theory
General Strain Theory has important implications for understanding and addressing crime and delinquency. By focusing on the role of strain and negative emotions, the theory highlights the importance of addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior, rather than solely focusing on punishment and deterrence.
However, like any theory, General Strain Theory is not without its criticisms. Some critics argue that the theory does not adequately address the role of social structure and inequalities in shaping strain and crime. They argue that certain groups, such as those living in poverty or facing systemic discrimination, may experience higher levels of strain and have limited access to legal coping mechanisms, leading to an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.
Conclusion
General Strain Theory provides valuable insights into the relationship between strain and crime. By recognizing the role of negative emotions and coping mechanisms, the theory offers a comprehensive understanding of why individuals may turn to criminal behavior as a response to strain. However, it is important to consider the various factors that influence this relationship, including individual characteristics, social support, and external controls. By addressing these factors, policymakers and practitioners can work towards developing effective strategies to prevent and reduce crime in our communities.